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• 1、你怎么看宜宾新生儿感染HIV事件？
• 2、浙江中医院违规操作致5名患者被感染艾滋，你怎么看？

你怎么看宜宾新生儿感染HIV事件？ (一)

贡献者回答孩子是一个家庭里面重要的核心，对于家庭来说有一个健健康康的宝宝，是每一个人最大的心愿。医院作为一个服务机构，应该想尽办法保护患者的健康，特别是新生儿的健康，更加需要医生的细心呵护，如果马马虎虎，不对人负责任的话，那么这样的医院也是有责任的，同时道德和良知，也是不允许的，法律更是不允许的。

这个案件中宜宾市妇幼保健院本身负有不可推卸的责任，因为在孕检中的时候医院已经发现孕妇有【梅毒抗体检测阳性、HIV初筛阳性】可是医院并没有及时的同时家属，最终导致婴儿出生即【梅毒抗体检测阳性、HIV初筛阳性】这对于一个无辜的生面来说是一个最不公平的事情，也是医院失职的责任。

现在公布的结果我看后觉得有些不解，因为这次公布的结果是一个退休后，返聘回去的医生做出的匪夷所思的事情。可是为什么每次医院出事情，其他机构出事情，都是临时工和退休人，或者是不知名人员？这件事情难道说就是这一个人的责任吗？其他人没有任何的过错吗？我觉得这是一个不可思议的事情。

其次医院在人做孕检的时候，医生一般会按照程序通知家属，因为这是一个规定，可是这个医院的做法太不可思议 了，整个流程方面都是错误的，这难道就是一个退休返聘的人，应该有的责任人吗？我觉得这件事情上医院里面的领导和相关医护人员的责任也不能轻易逃脱，因为这种责任不是可能是一个人。

还有一个更加奇葩的事情，这个退休返聘的刘某，初步决定是永久吊销行医执照，我看后觉得不可思议，这样严重的问题，竟然如此的得到处理，而且这个人是一个已经退休的人，有没有什么资格证没有多大意义，这样的处理办法，实在是说不过去，而且这件事情是影响一个孩子的大事情，如此解决太过于草率了。

浙江中医院违规操作致5名患者被感染艾滋，你怎么看？ (二)

贡献者回答舞茸β-葡聚糖对HIV（艾滋病）病人的效果

Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) gulcan in HIV-infected patients

【摘要翻译】

    为评估一种从舞茸中提取的β-葡聚糖MD-Fraction（舞茸D-fraction）对艾滋病（HIV）感染病人的效果，进行了长期的实验。参与实验的HIV感染者被跟踪监测CD4+ 细胞计数，病毒载量，艾滋病感染症状，继发病状况，以及健康状态。20位患者的CD4+细胞计数增加到原来的1.4-1.8倍，8位患者降低到原来的0.8-0.5倍。9位病人的病毒载量增加，10位降低。尽管如此，85%的受试者对于HIV引起的症状和继发病的感觉变好，这表明舞茸D-fraction对于艾滋病HIV患者具有积极的影响。

关键词： 抗HIV活性，CD4+细胞，舞茸，IL-2，MD-Fraction

注：CD4+细胞是人体免疫系统中的一种重要免疫细胞，由于艾滋病病毒攻击对象是CD4+细胞，所以其检测结果对艾滋病治疗效果的判断和对患者免疫功能的判断有重要作用。

【论文原文】

        Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) gulcan in HIV-infected patients

Hiroaki Nanba1)*, Noriko Kodama1), Douglas Schar 2) and Denise Turner 2)

1)Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1,

Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, kobe 658-8558, Japan

2)Herbal Clinical Research, 140 Columbia Road, London E2 7RG, U.K.

The effects of MD-Fraction, a β-glucan extracted from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa)， on the health status of individuals suffering from HIV infection were evaluated in a long-term trial. The HIV status of the 35 respondents who participated in the study was followed by monitoring CD4+ cell counts, viral load measure, sympotoms of HIV infection, status of secondary disease, and sense of well-being. Twenty patients reported to increase in CD4+ cell counts to 1.4-1.8 times, and 8 patients reported a decrease to 0.8-0.5 times. Viral load was reported to increase in 9 patients and decrease in 10 patients. However, 85% of respondents reported an increased sense of well-being with regard to various symptoms and secondary diseases caused by HIV. These results suggest that Maitake D-Fraction had a positive impact in HIV patients.

Key Words : anti-HIV activity; CD4+ cell; Grifola frondosa (Maitake); IL-2; MD-Fraction

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV infection, which attacks helper T cells (CD4+ cells) and decreases the body’s immunity. In 1991, we studied the effect of a Grifola frondosa S.F. Gray (Maitake) extract, named MD-Fraction on HIV, which is believed to be a cause of AIDS. Sulfated MD-Fraction was found to prevent HIV from killing helper T (CD4+) cells: almost 100% of CD4+ cells survived challenge by HIV at concentrations of sulfated MD-Fraction of around 1 pg/ml, and the results were presented in an abstract paper at the 8th International AIDS conference in Amsterdam in July 1992. National Institute of Health and National Cancer Institute in U.S.A. also confirmed the anti-HIV activity of the sulfated form of MD-Fraction. NCI doctors have recognized that the sulfated MD-Fraction is the most effective among all anti-HIV polysaccharides known to date and is as powerful as the drug azidothymidine (AZT). However, the sulfated MD-Fraction has the strong side-effect of toxicity to cells in vivo. On the other hand, we have reported that a β1,6-glucan having a β 1,3-branched chain (named MD-Fraction) can enhance immunocompent cell activities (Hishida et al., 1988; Nanba et al., 1987; Nanba et al., 1993).In this paper, we report that Maitake appears to work on several levels in HIV conditions, by (a) direct inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), (b) stimulation of the body’s own natural defense system against HIV, and (c) making the body less vulnerable to opportunistic disease.

Materials and Methods：

Preparation of Maitake tablets  Tablets containing 250 mg of dried Maitake powder(φ200 μm) and 5 mg of vitamin C were prepared with a tabloid machine.Preparation of MD-Fraction  Dried Maitake powder (500 g) was autclaved with 3,000 ml of distilled water at 120℃ for 60 min, and the water-soluble layer obtained was saturated with the same volume of ethanol at 4℃ for 12 h. After removal of floating material, this ethanol solution was saturated to 80% with ethanol and stored at 4℃ for 10 h. The pellet obtained by centrifugation at 5,000×g for 20 min was suspended in a small volume of distilled water and protein was removed by passage through a DEAE-cellulofine column (4×80cm). Finally 1 g of purified MD-Fraction was prepared.

Detection of virions  The HIV genome is known to have nine genes, three expressing structural protein and six expressing regulating protein. Anti-HIV-Env antibody was produced in blood from 10 wk to 12 yr after HIV infection. The coagulation test of antigen was performed with HIV-Env antibody collected from blood. Viral loads were counted in 50-μl portions of patients’ serum.Detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2)  Production of IL-2 in blood was detected with IL-2 ELISA Kit Intertest-2X (Genzyme Co. U.S.A.)Counting of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells  CD4+ cells were counted by flow cytometric analysis after treatment of 10 μl of blood with CD4+- monoclonal antibody (Cytovax Biotechologies Inc.) The count of CD8+ cells was obtained by subtracting the CD4+ cell count from the total count of T cells determined by flow cytometric analysis.

Administration of Maitake  A supply of Maitake was given to each HIV carrier at a dose level of 6 g of tablets or 20mg of purified MD-Fraction together with 4 g of tablets per day for 360d.

Results：

The main focus in monitoring the progress of HIV disease is CD4+ cells (helper T cells). The normal range of CD4+ cell count is 500-1,200 cells/10μl of blood. A level of 200-500 cells indicates that some damage has occured. Below 200 cells, the individual is highly susceptible to secondary diseases. An elevated viral load indicates an increased risk of damage to CD4+ cells. The significance of these activities in regard to HIV infection relates to the immune system. Both IL-2 and interferon are activated by the immune system response to infection by viral disease. After administration of Maitake tablets for 12 mo to 35 respondents (24 in England and 11 in U.S.A.), 20 responders reported an increase in CD4+ cell counts and 8 reported a decrease , as shown in Table 1. Nine respondents reported an increase in viral load, 10 reported a decrease and 2 patients reported static, Typical individual results were as follows.

Patient A  The initial CD4+ count of 90 cells rose as high as 460 cells (average CD4+ count: 355) in the study period, but viral load was undetected throughout. Previous symptoms were Kaposi’s sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and allergic conjunctivitis, all of which resolved and remained controlled during study period. The patient consistently reported feeling very well and energy levels much improved.Patient B  The initial CD4+ count of 400 cells rose to 620 cells after the treatment. The viral load of 15,200 copies/ml in CD4+ cells decreased to 5,000 copies/ml. IL-2 production was also increased 3.1 times by Maitake treatment. Previous symptoms were Kaposi’s sarcoma, verrucae, anal warts, anal herpes, diarrhea, chest infections, and fatigue. Following the study period, when the patient received 6 g of Maitake tablets together with 20mg of MD-Fraction per day, Kaposi’s sarcoma became static, verrucae and anal warts were resolved, and other symptoms became intermittent.

Patient C  The initial CD4+ count of 510 cells showed little change at 500 cells after the study, but the viral load of 60,000 copies/ml in CD4+ cell decreased to 1,000 copies/ml. The patient had day and night sweats, bouts of colds, mucous membrane irritation and fatigue as previous symptoms, but after the course of Maitake all symptoms were resolved. In particular, a direct effect on the sweats was observed.Patient D  The initial CD4+ count of 425 rose to 680 counts (average 513.3) during the study. The viral load of 20,000 copies/ml increased to 93,000 copies/ml, but skin, oral, and gastric Candida, catarrh, irritable bowel, and aching muscles as previous symptoms were all improved by Maitake.Patient E  The initial CD4+ count of 17 cells decreased to 7 cells during the study, while the viral load of 55,000 copies/ml increased to 62,000 copies/ml. AIDS, oral Candida, and wasting disease as previous symptoms persisted despite the treatment with Maitake. The CD4+ cell counts and HIV viral loads of other patients who received Maitake for 1 yr are shown in Tables 2 and 3. It is known that long infection period of HIV makes seriously symptoms and secondary disease. Therefore, as shown in Tables 4 and 5, we examined that these symptoms and diseases were improved by Maitake treatment. Symptoms depends on HIV infection, such as weight loss, hair loss, night sweat, fever, dry cough and leg pain, were improved by Maitake almost in 50% of patients (as Table 4), also secondary diseases, such as toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, herps, kaposi’s sarcoma and mycopathy, were cured in 40-50% of patients. Table 6 indicates that the percentage of patients reporting changes in symptoms and sense of well-being following treatment.

Discussion ：

The MD-Fraction exhibited an enhancing effect on CD4+ cells, the target cells of HIV, upon oral administration in animals (Hishida et al., 1988). Even though it was a non-controlled trial, this clinical study indicated that MD-Fraction and Maitake powder were effective in patients with breast cancer, lung cancer, or liver cancer. These human tests suggest that the active ingredients of Maitake have significant healing and preventative potential in HIV-responders by stimulating the immune system. The present study indicates that when MD-Fraction and Maitake enhanced the activities of immuno-competent cells such as macrophages, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) or helper T cell (CD4+), the HIV in CD4+ cells was directly killed or its multiplication was suppressed. However, even if these cellular activities were increased by MD-Fraction, HIV in CD4+ cells of AIDS patients did not decrease. All of the results shown here indicate that there is evidence to support a more structured investigation in to the potential benefits of Maitake and MD-Fraction in the treatment of HIV infection. The results also indicate that this trial study needs to be done on a larger scales, as many questions remain unanswered.

Literature cited：

Hishida I., Nanba H. And Kuroda H. 1988. Anti-tumor activity exhibited by oral administered extract from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36:1819-1827.

Nanba H., Hamaguchi A. and Kuroda H. 1987. The chemical structure of an anti-tumorpolysaccharide in fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35: 1162-1168.

Nanba H. and George S. R. 1993. Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) for HIV-positive or fibroid tumor patients. 113th Congr. Pharmaceutical Society of Japan, Osaka, Japan, March 29-31, p.212.

Nanba H.1993. Anti-tumor activity of orally administered D-Fraction from Maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa. J Naturopath. Med. 4: 10-15.

对于浙江医疗事故感染艾滋，看完本文，小编觉得你已经对它有了更进一步的认识，也相信你能很好的处理它。如果你还有其他问题未解决，可以看看酷斯法的其他内容。

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